Complexity and trends analysis of hydrometeorological time series for a river streamflow: A case study of Songhua River Basin,China

In China's national economic growth, an important role is being played by the Songhua River because of the river's abundant resources and natural conditions. Therefore, study of hydrometeorological time series is very important to understand the basin behaviour. This research uses the snow cover data derived from MODIS, streamflow, and meteorological records in the Songhua River Basin to evaluate similarity, complexity, and trends in the snow cover, temperature, precipitation, and streamflow. In this paper, we suggest a new method of ranking the statistics symbolic sequences to examine the degree of similarity (distance measurement) between meteorological stations and compare it with non‐parametric correlation methods and also investigate the deviations in the complexity of a hydrometeorological time series. Information‐based similarity index and multiscale entropy confirm that the hydrometeorological time series of different stations have self‐similarity and abundant complexity. Wavelet entropy is also used to investigate the basin behaviour by taking streamflow records and population. It is found that with the increase in population and urbanization, the complexity values are increased. The results also exhibit that due to increase in urbanization, it affects the hydrological process and nature of environment resulting in complex catchment behaviour. Furthermore, the streamflow trend results displayed significant decline (22.21 m³/s × year^?1) in the Songhua River. The results also indicated that the seasonal snow cover trend has no impact on changes of the streamflow. However, the decline of the streamflow may be influenced by the significant human activity upstream of the Songhua River.     

2002-2015年西北地区陆地水储量时空变化特征

在干旱—半干旱地区,陆地水是经济社会发展的重要水源。本文利用高斯平滑滤波处理的2002—2015年逐月GRACE卫星时变重力场数据,反演了西北地区陆地水储量变化。结果表明：在时间上,西北地区陆地水储量总体呈现下降趋势,每月减少0.014 cm,相当于每年减少53.5亿m³。在空间上,2002—2015年间陆地水储量减少区域约为224万km²,增加区域约为106万km²。各地区陆地水储量呈现明显的季节变化,7月达到年内最大值,陆地水储量处于盈余状态;冬、春季节为年内的低值区,陆地水储量处于亏损状态;陆地水储量的变化与降雨季节变化一致,表明西北地区降水是最重要的陆地水来源。     

Compression‐compression fatigue performance of aluminium matrix composite foams reinforced by carbon nanotubes

The compression‐compression fatigue performance of carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced aluminium matrix composite foams (AMCFs) were investigated. The ε‐N curves of AMCFs are composed of three stages (the elastic, strain hardening, and rapid accumulation stages), while the fatigue strain of AMCFs accumulates very rapidly in stage III compared with Al foams. The fatigue strength of AMCFs with CNT contents of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 wt% increases by 6%, 44%, and 102% than Al foams, respectively. Different from Al foams' deformation of layer‐by‐layer, the main failure modes of AMCFs are the brittle fracture and collapse of pores within significant shear deformation bands under fatigue loading. The uniform distribution of CNTs and good interfacial bonding of CNTs and Al matrix is the important factor for the improvement of fatigue properties of AMCFs.     

A continuum damage mechanics method for fracture simulation of quasi‐brittle materials

This paper addresses a novel continuum damage‐based method for simulating failure process of quasi‐brittle materials starting from local damage initiation to final fracture. In the developed method, the preset characteristic length field is used to evaluate damage instead of element, which is used to reduce the spurious sensitivity. In addition, damage is only updated in the most dangerous location at a time for considering stress redistribution due to damage evolution, which is used to simulate competitive fracture process. As cases study, representative numerical simulations of two benchmark tests are given to verify the performance of the developed continuum damage‐based method together with a used damage model. The simulation results of the crack paths for two concrete specimens obtained from the developed method matched well with the corresponding experimental results. The results show that the developed continuum damage‐based method is effective and can be used to simulate damage and fracture process of brittle or quasi‐brittle materials. And the simulation results based on the developed method depend only the preset characteristic length field and not grid mesh.     

An Efficient Crossing-Line Crowd Counting Algorithm with Two-Stage Detection

Crowd counting is a challenging task in crowded scenes due to heavy occlusions, appearance variations and perspective distortions. Current crowd counting methods typically operate on an image patch level with overlaps, then sum over the patches to get the final count. In this paper we describe a real-time pedestrian counting framework based on a two-stage human detection algorithm. Existing works with overhead cameras is mainly based on visual tracking, and their robustness is rather limited. On the other hand, some works, which focus on improving the performances, are too complicated to be realistic. By adopting a line sampling process, a temporal slice image can be obtained for pedestrian counting without the need for visual tracking. Only ten low level features are extracted from the input image to establish a feature vector. As a result, our algorithm is more efficient and accurate than existing methods. Pedestrians in the temporal slice image are then located by the two-stage detection algorithm, which is largely based on support vector machine and affinity propagation clustering. Moreover, a novel algorithm is proposed to determine the moving directions of pedestrians by comparing the centers of them in two temporal slice images. Extensive experiments reveal that our system achieves satisfaction performances in terms of both robustness and efficiency.     

论汉字字体设计的文化传播与社会意义

目的 字体设计在平面设计中的地位是举足轻重的,也逐渐成为国内设计专业的热议话题。在今天,代表东亚文化的汉字形意、象征西方文明的拉丁字母,以及起源于印度文化的阿拉伯数字,共同构筑了当代字体的设计主流趋势,应加强对字体设计尤其是汉字印刷字体设计的重视。方法 字体设计的文化、社会内涵非常广泛,文字的首要功能是准确地传递信息,因此字体设计最本质的目是实现“视觉传达”的有效性。结论 字体设计在文化、经济、社会领域承载着深刻的符号意向,它的设计与形式传递着人类的文明、科技的进步、思想的变迁以及审美的更迭。     

The attribute-trend-similarity method to improve learning performance for small datasets

Small data-set learning problems are attracting more attention because of the short product lifecycles caused by the increasing pressure of global competition. Although statistical approaches and machine learning algorithms are widely applied to extract information from such data, these are basically developed on the assumption that training samples can represent the properties of the whole population. However, as the properties that the training samples contain are limited, the knowledge that the learning algorithms extract may also be deficient. Virtual sample generation approaches, used as a kind of data pretreatment, have proved their effectiveness when handling small data-set problems. By considering the relationships among attributes in the value generation procedure, this research proposes a non-parametric process to learn the trend similarities among attributes, and then uses these to estimate the corresponding ranges that attribute values may be located in when other attribute values are given. The ranges of the attribute values of the virtual samples are then stepwise estimated using the triangular membership functions (MFs) built to represent the attribute sample distributions. In the experiment, two real cases are examined with four modelling tools, including the M5′ model tree (M5′), multiple linear regression, support vector regression and back-propagation neural network. The results show that the forecasting accuracies of the four modelling tools are improved when training sets contain virtual samples. In addition, the outcomes of the proposed procedure show significantly smaller predictive errors than those of other approaches.